Introduction
Discuss your area of research interest that will lead to a project idea and outline the issues, theories, technologies, and context that influence it. Aims and Objectives
Literature Review
a) Outline the main areas of theoretical influence and how they relate to your project.
b) Some will be digital media theory (e.g. interface design, game design, digital video theory, etc.)
c) Some may be contextual & related to the subject area if it’s not digital media (e.g. advertising, education, social issues, etc.).
d) Then analyze some prominent examples in each category and say what you learned from them and how they inform your project ideas. Do use appropriate quotations and citations from the literature.
Product Review
a) Outline the main product areas and individual products you came across that are relevant to your project proposal.
b) Most will likely be digital media products (e.g. websites, games, videos, e-learning apps, etc.).
c) Some may not be digital but still relevant (e.g. a book, film, or game, or some other non-digital product with a connection to your idea).
d) Then analyze some of the most important ones in each category and say what you learned from them and how they inform your project ideas.
Critical Discussion
Summarise your main arguments and research in a paragraph or two.
Come to a conclusion regarding the viability of a specific project idea in the context of both literature and products already detailed. Show how, although there are similarities, your idea is different from the others, how it builds on them, how it compares to them and how in some small but significant way, it’s fresh or innovative. The whole idea of literature and product reviews is to show that you understand both the theoretical and practical nature of the niche environment in which you’re working and how your project fits but is still innovative.
Project Proposal Summary
Formal project proposal
Student (or Group) Name(s) and ID
Provisional Project Title
Please indicate a provisional title for your project that can be changed/re-phrased at a later stage.
Try to make it memorable or catchy.
Research Question
This is a short and very specific question which your project aims to address. For example ‘How can I use visual effects in video that enhance rather than detract from the story ?’ or ‘How can I vary a make a popular action game format to make it educational?’ or ‘What is the optimum interface for a user-driven portfolio website’ or ‘How best can I use a cute 3D character animation to address a serious social issue?’ or ‘How can a documentary be made to be responsive in a meaningful way through user interaction.’ This is really about what digital media issue you’re investigating, examining, or experimenting with within your project.
Treatment
A short paragraph that’s a vivid description of what it will be like to experience your work from the perspective of the audience – think of it like a film treatment (what is the user’s/viewer’s experience).
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Research Evidence | Evidence Based Research | Evidence Definition

Research Evidence | Evidence Based Research | Evidence Definition
Acknowledgements
This paper was written by DFID Research and Evidence Division Staff, with help and advice from Graeme Ramshaw of IDS and from the directors and staff of the four Research centres.
Disclaimer: This synthesis presents some key findings of DFID-funded research and the resulting policy recommendations of the researchers: it does not necessarily reflect DFID policy.
Cover Photo: Justice and Peace Commissioners, Masisi, DR Congo. © Sarah MacGregor / DFID, The Politics of Poverty: Elites, Citizens, and States EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Executive Summary
Evidence shows that in order to deliver sustainable international development we must be able to understand and work with its politics. Governance describes the way countries and societies manage their affairs politically and the way power and authority are exercised. For the poorest and most vulnerable, the difference that good, or particularly bad, governance, makes to their lives is profound: the inability of government institutions to prevent conflict, provide basic security, or basic services can have life-or-death consequences; lack of opportunity can prevent generations of poor families from lifting themselves out of poverty; and the inability to grow economically and collect taxes can keep countries trapped in a cycle of aid-dependency. Understanding governance, therefore, is central to achieving development and ending conflict. During the 1990s donors came to realise that development required better ‘governance’, and DFID recognised early on the need to work with the research community to identify ways of improving governance for better development outcomes.
Research Evidence | Evidence Based Research | Evidence Definition
Research Evidence was written by DFID Research and Evidence Division Staff, with help and advice from Graeme Ramshaw of IDS and from the directors and staff of the four Research centres.Disclaimer: This synthesis presents some key findings of DFID-funded research and the resulting policy recommendations of the researchers: it does not necessarily reflect DFID policy.Cover Photo: Justice and Peace Commissioners, Masisi, DR Congo. © Sarah MacGregor / DFID, The Politics of Poverty: Elites, Citizens, and States EXECUTIVE SUMMARYExecutive SummaryEvidence shows that in order to deliver sustainable international development we must be able to understand and work with its politics. Governance describes the way countries and societies manage their affairs politically and the way power and authority are exercised. For the poorest and most vulnerable, the difference that good, or particularly bad, governance, makes to their lives is profound: the inability of government institutions to prevent conflict, provide basic security, or basic services can have life-or-death consequences; lack of opportunity can prevent generations of poor families from lifting themselves out of poverty; and the inability to grow economically and collect taxes can keep countries trapped in a cycle of aid-dependency. Understanding governance, therefore, is central to achieving development and ending conflict. During the 1990s donors came to realise that development required better ‘governance’, and DFID recognised early on the need to work with the research community to identify ways of improving governance for better development outcomes.
The Centre for Future States and the Citizenship,Accountability and Participation Programmes (Institute of Development Studies, Sussex); the Crisis States Research Centre (London School of Economics); and the Centre for Research on Inequality and Ethnicity (CRISE, Oxford University) have been funded by DFID over the past ten years. This paper provides a brief overview of what these different programmes have told us about governance, fragility and conflict in the developing world.The key message from all four research programmes is that to understand development we must understand the politics that shape it. Ultimately it is political decisions that will shape whether or not the Millennium Development Goals are reached, revenues are raised to fund investment, and growth occurs.
The research argues that the political settlement is central to all development; and one that does not exclude powerful players is more likely to prevent conflict. But settlements also need to work at the grassroots level, representing the interests of social groups. Security is a precondition for development; this is a matter of survival and must be prioritised in countries recovering from conflict. Evidence presented here shows that in countries where cultural or ethnic groups feel there is economic, political and social inequality, wars are more likely. The future face of insecurity is not restricted to civil wars – more and more people are dying in social violence, particularly in cities.
Research Evidence | Evidence Based Research | Evidence Definition
The research looks at how governments can become more inclusive, and therefore more stable. States that are accountable only to some groups or that do EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Politics of Poverty: Elites, Citizens, and States not regard some members of society as ‘citizens’ create inequalities that can fuel conflict. When citizens actively participate in society through local associations and movements outside the state, there are benefits to both state and society
The poor, more than any other group, rely on basic public services. For vulnerable families, access to education and healthcare are important routes out of poverty. The politics matters: services work better for the poor when poor citizens participate in reform of service delivery and the research looks at how this can be most effectively achieved. In conflict affected states the provision of services is very sensitive. Service delivery targeting excluded groups can reduce political tensions and improved security.
DFID-funded research has made a key contribution in drawing attention to the importance of taxation in building effective states. Taxes, raised in ways that encourage economic growth and promote political accountability, build the political legitimacy of the state and offer the eventual ‘exit strategy from aid’. Tax revenues allow states to provide security and public services while prioritising their own (rather than donor) policy concerns. Tax reforms can encourage interest groups in society to mobilise politically – an important bargaining process between state and citizen-taxpayers who perceive they may have a genuine stake in better government.
Economic growth allows people to escape cycles of poverty and countries to end dependency on aid. But the findings shown here question some of the blueprints donors recommend for achieving growth. Some of the most successful examples of rapid economic growth in the developing world, such as China and Vietnam, have certainly not followed the ‘investment climate’ prescription. Donors may need to acknowledge the political dynamics of growth, including that some forms of informal relationships between business and state in developing countries can succeed in generating and sustaining high levels of growth. The report concludes [Chapter 10] with a proposal to improve how the international community commissions and uses governance research, indicates why further governance research is needed, and how DFID plans to respond.This research adds depth to our understanding of development as a political process, provides rich evidence based on country experience, and points to the questions which aid agencies must address in order to be effective – including in more fragile countries. It demonstrates that durable reforms need to be constructed, nationally and locally, in a way that fits each political context and it challenges donors to build the capacity to contribute to this effectively.The Politics of Poverty: Elites, Citizens, and States CONTENTS Introduction 1.1 Background: 2001-2010 1.2 Governance Research shapes Development Thinking and Practice 1.3 Development is Politics 1.4 Impact 1.5 Cross-cutting themes 1.6 Breakdown of the Report
1.1 Background: 2001–2010During the 1990s donors came to realise that development required a strategy for building the capabilities of the state so governments could create the conditions and deliver the services necessary to reduce poverty. The need for better ‘governance’ (that is, political systems and public institutions) that could deliver the necessary policies and services and combat corruption was outlined in DFID’s 2001 governance strategy.
However, the international community at that time lacked clarity or consensus on how to build the necessary political systems and public institutions. Many development agencies were uncomfortable about recognising that politics is central to all governance issues. Attempts to transfer blueprints and ‘good practice’ from the developed world met with repeated failure. In many cases Western models of public sector reform did not work when transplanted, and the introduction of multi-party elections failed to deliver genuine democracy. Early on DFID saw the need to work with the research community to try to identify how to improve governance for better development outcomes.
1.2 Governance Research shapes Development Thinking and PracticeGovernance makes a big difference to all of us: it determines our security from conflict, disease and destitution; our freedom to participate in our societies and to have a say in the way we are governed; and our opportunities to educate ourselves and to be economically productive, securing a better future for ourselves and our communities. For the poorest and most vulnerable, the difference that good, or particularly bad, governance makes to their lives is profound: the inability of government institutions to prevent conflict, provide basic security, or basic services can have life-or-death consequences; lack of opportunity can prevent generations of poor families from lifting themselves out of poverty; and the inability to grow economically and collect taxes can keep countries trapped in a cycle of aid-dependency. Understanding governance therefore is central to achieving development and ending conflict.
Why do countries with similar conditions achieve startlingly different development outcomes? Policy-makers and researchers share an interest in understanding how some countries build durable secure states while others become mired in violence. We need to know why one country may perform well in revenue collection, while apparently identical revenue-collection institutions elsewhere may fail to function; or why an electoral process in one country achieves coalitions for change, but the same process in another leads to political instability and even conflict. DFID (2001). Making Government Work for Poor People: Building State Capability. Effective political systems were recognised as one of the seven key capabilities. this paper represented the international consensus at that time.
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